下面这句话是选自一篇阅读短文中的一个句子:
one day, i saw a boy shop alone at the shop i worked.
有人问:为何 shop 后面在定语从句中作状语成份的 where / at which可以省略?
让我们先展开这个句子定语从句部分的语法结构:
1. ……at the shop where/at which i worked.
2. ……at the shop which/that i worked at.
3. ……at the shop i worked at.
以上几点应该是大家在语法上对该句子定语从句修饰先行词 shop时普遍可以接受的几种表达形式。由于这个句子中的先行词 shop 是一个介词的宾语,为了避免同一介词在一个句子中重复使用,这时人们通常会考虑先选择用关系副词where 修饰先行词来引导定语从句。在非正式文体中省略关系副词where 时,则在句末加上其相对应的介词at。
经过以上语法结构分析,我们可以认定:文章中开头的这个句子应该属于不规范的口语表达形式。
其实,一些不规范的英语口语表达形式在中学英语教材中也偶有出现。如:
i suggest that you don't ask him home for the vacation.(见人教旧版高一英语课本上冊第55页)
笔者曾就这个句子咨询过几位外籍教师。他们认为虽然有 native speaker 会这样表达,但这种表达形式应该是极其不规范的。其正确的表达形式应该是:
i suggest that you should not ask him home for the vacation.(口语中should常被省略)
在中学英语中,我们所知道的是:关系副词where在引导定语从句修饰地点名词place这一先行词时,在非正式文体中,where常见被省略, 且从句后面可以不加与其相对应的介词at/in。如:
1. in melbourne , the only place we ever see kangaroos is on the menu in a restaurant.(见北师大版高中英语必修四,unit 12,lesson 4)
2.this is the place we first met 10 years ago.
另外,关系副词when在修饰/ time /day/ year/等时间名词时,why 在修饰reason 时,that作关系副词表示方式修饰way 时,在非正式文体中也都有省略关系副词的用法。如:
- the first time (when) i saw her, i fell in love with her.
- i will never forget the day (when) i joined the party.
- 1949 was the year (when) the prc was founded.
- that was the reason (why) he was late for school this morning.
5. i don't like the way (that) the policeman talks to me.
以上前四个句子在正式文体中括号里的关系副词一般不可以省略。第五个句子在正式文体中应将 that 改为 in which ,且不可以省略。
尹明仁,外语院校英语系本科毕业。多年从事中学英语教学工作,高级职称。
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